pound = 453.59 grams 1 inch = 2.54 centimetres (exactly) 1 pound = 453.59 grams = 0.45359 kilogram 1 mile = 5280 feet = 1.609 kilometres 1 kilogram = 1000 grams = 2.205 pounds 1 yard = 36 inches = 0.9144 metre 1 gram = 10 decigrams = 100 centigrams 1 metre = 100 centimetres = 1000 milligrams = 39.37 inches 1 gram = 6.022 × 1023 atomic mass units or u 1 atomic mass unit = 1.6606 × 10–24 gram = 3.281 feet 1 metric tonne = 1000 kilograms = 1.094 yards = 2205 pounds 1 kilometre = 1000 metres = 1094 yards Common Unit of Volume = 0.6215 mile 1 quart = 0.9463 litre 1 litre = 1.056 quarts 1 Angstrom = 1.0 × 10–8 centimetre 1 litre = 1 cubic decimetre = 1000 cubic = 0.10 nanometre centimetres = 0.001 cubic metre = 1.0 × 10–10 metre 1 millilitre = 1 cubic centimetre = 0.001 litre = 3.937 × 10–9 inch = 1.056 × 10-3 quart 1 cubic foot = 28.316 litres = 29.902 quarts Common Units of Force* and Pressure = 7.475 gallons 1 atmosphere= 760 millimetres of mercury = 1.013 × 105 pascals Common Units of Energy = 14.70 pounds per square inch 1 joule = 1 × 107 ergs 1 bar = 105 pascals 1 thermochemical calorie** = 4.184 joules = 4.184 × 107 ergs 1 torr = 1 millimetre of mercury = 4.129 × 10–2 litre-atmospheres 1 pascal = 1 kg/ms2 = 1 N/m2 = 2.612 × 1019 electron volts 1 ergs = 1 × 10 joule = 2.3901 × 10–8 calorie –7 Temperature 1 electron volt = 1.6022 × 10–19 joule SI Base Unit: Kelvin (K) = 1.6022 × 10–12 erg K = -273.15°C = 96.487 kJ/mol† K = °C + 273.15 1 litre-atmosphere = 24.217 calories = 101.32 joules °F = 1.8(°C) + 32 = 1.0132 ×109 ergs 1 British thermal unit = 1055.06 joules = 1.05506 ×1010 ergs °F − 32 = 252.2 calories °C = 1.8 * Force: 1 newton (N) = 1 kg m/s 2 , i.e.,the force that, when applied for 1 second, gives a 1-kilogram mass a velocity of 1 metre per second. ** The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.50C to 15.50C. † Note that the other units are per particle and must be multiplied by 6.022 ×1023 to be strictly comparable. APPENDIX III STANDARD POTENTIALS AT 298 K IN ELECTROCHEMICAL Reduction half-reaction E J /V Reduction half-reaction E J /V H4XeO6 + 2H+ + 2e– → XeO3 + 3H2O +3.0 Pu4+ + e– → Pu3+ +0.97 F2 + 2e– → 2F– +2.87 NO–3 + 4H+ + 3e– → NO + 2H2O +0.96 O3 + 2H+ + 2e– → O2 + H2O +2.07 2Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg 2+ 2 +0.92 2– S2O8 + 2e– → 2SO4 2– +2.05 ClO– + H2O + 2e– → Cl– + 2OH– +0.89 Ag+ + e– → Ag+ +1.98 Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg +0.86 Co3+ + e– → Co2+ +1.81 NO–3 + 2H+ + e– → NO2 + H2O +0.80 H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e– → 2H2O +1.78 Ag+ + e– → Ag +0.80 Au+ + e– → Au +1.69 Hg 2+ – 2 +2e → 2Hg +0.79 Pb4+ + 2e– → Pb2+ +1.67 Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+ +0.77 2HClO + 2H+ + 2e– → Cl2 + 2H2O +1.63 BrO– + H2O + 2e– → Br– + 2OH– +0.76 Ce4+ + e– → Ce3+ +1.61 Hg2SO4 +2e– → 2Hg + SO42– +0.62 2HBrO + 2H+ + 2e– → Br2 + 2H2O +1.60 MnO42– + 2H2O + 2e– → MnO2 + 4OH– +0.60 – MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O +1.51 MnO–4 + e– → MnO42– +0.56 Mn3+ + e– → Mn2+ +1.51 I2 + 2e– → 2I– +0.54 – Au3+ + 3e– → Au +1.40 I3 + 2e– → 3I– +0.53 Cl2 + 2e– → 2Cl– +1.36 Cu+ + e– → Cu +0.52 2– Cr2O 7 + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O +1.33 NiOOH + H2O + e– → Ni(OH)2 + OH– +0.49 O3 + H2O + 2e– → O2 + 2OH– +1.24 Ag2CrO4 + 2e– → 2Ag + CrO42– +0.45 O2 + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O +1.23 O2 + 2H2O + 4e– → 4OH– +0.40 ClO–4 + 2H+ +2e– → ClO–3 + 2H2O +1.23 ClO–4 + H2O + 2e– → ClO–3 + 2OH– +0.36 MnO2 + 4H+ + 2e– → Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23 [Fe(CN)6]3– + e– → [Fe(CN)6]4– +0.36 Pt2+ + 2e– → Pt +1.20 Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu +0.34 Br2 + 2e– → 2Br– +1.09 Hg2Cl2 + 2e– → 2Hg + 2Cl– +0.27 AgCl + e– → Ag + Cl– +0.27 S + 2e– → S2– –0.48 Bi3+ + 3e– → Bi +0.20 In3+ + e– → In2+ –0.49 – SO42 + 4H+ + 2e– → H2SO3 + H2O +0.17 U4+ + e– → U3+ –0.61 Cu2+ + e– → Cu+ +0.16 Cr3+ + 3e– → Cr –0.74 Sn4+ + 2e– → Sn2+ +0.15 Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn –0.76 AgBr + e– → Ag + Br– +0.07 Cd(OH)2 + 2e– → Cd + 2OH– –0.81 Ti4+ + e– → Ti3+ 0.00 2H2O + 2e– → H2 + 2OH– –0.83 2H+ + 2e– → H2 (by definition) 0.0 Cr2+ + 2e– → Cr –0.91 Fe3+ + 3e– → Fe –0.04 Mn2+ + 2e– → Mn –1.18 O2 + H2O + 2e– → HO–2 + OH– –0.08 V2+ + 2e– → V –1.19 Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb –0.13 Ti2+ + 2e– → Ti –1.63 In+ + e– → In –0.14 Al3+ + 3e– → Al –1.66 Sn2+ + 2e– → Sn –0.14 U3+ + 3e– → U –1.79 AgI + e– → Ag + I– –0.15 Sc3+ + 3e– → Sc –2.09 Ni2+ + 2e– → Ni –0.23 Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg –2.36 V3+ + e– → V2+ –0.26 Ce3+ + 3e– → Ce –2.48 Co2+ + 2e– → Co –0.28 La3+ + 3e– → La –2.52 In3+ + 3e– → In –0.34 Na+ + e– → Na –2.71 Tl+ + e– → Tl –0.34 Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca –2.87 PbSO4 + 2e– → Pb + SO2–
Question 1
Q1Long answer